SameBath

Salem

2006-01-27T05:20:00.000-08:00

Town (township), Rockingham county, southeastern New Hampshire, U.S., just west of Haverhill, Massachusetts. The town includes the communities of Salem, Salem Depot, and North Salem. Originally a part of Haverhill, it was set off in 1725 and incorporated as Methuen. The final decision of the Massachusetts–New Hampshire boundary line (1741) divided the town; the New Hampshire portion

Kadare, Ismail

2005-11-18T07:05:00.000-08:00

The son of a post-office worker in the town of Gjirokastër, Kadare studied at the University of Tiranë and later at the Gorky Institute of World Literature in Moscow until 1960. Upon returning to Albania, he became a journalist and also embarked on a literary career. He endured

Alum

2005-07-27T06:35:00.000-07:00

Any of a group of hydrated double salts, usually consisting of aluminum sulfate, water of hydration, and the sulfate of another element. A whole series of hydrated double salts results from the hydration of the sulfate of a univalent cation (e.g., potassium) and the sulfate of any one of a number of trivalent cations (e.g., aluminum). Aluminum sulfate can thus form alums with

Chadwick, Sir Edwin

2005-07-24T19:25:00.000-07:00

As secretary of the royal commission on reform of the poor laws (1834–46), Chadwick was largely responsible for devising the system under which the country was divided into groups of parishes administered by elected boards of guardians,

Carthage

2005-07-07T22:05:00.000-07:00

City, seat of Jasper county, southwestern Missouri, U.S. It lies along Spring River, just east of Joplin. Established in 1842, it was named for ancient Carthage. During the Civil War, it was a centre of border warfare and was destroyed by Confederate guerrillas in 1863; it was rebuilt in 1866. Carthage is an agricultural-trade centre (fruits, small grains, dairy products) and is noted for its

Talladega

2005-07-06T02:15:00.000-07:00

City, seat (1834) of Talladega county, east-central Alabama, U.S., in the foothills of the southern Appalachian Mountains, about 60 miles (100 km) east of Birmingham. The site was originally inhabited by Creek Indians, and its name was derived from Creek words meaning “border town.” On November 9, 1813, Andrew Jackson defeated a large force of Creek there, and the Creek were forced out in the 1830s. During

Topiary

2005-06-29T02:40:00.000-07:00

The training of living trees and shrubs into artificial, decorative shapes. Thickly leaved evergreen shrubs are used in topiary; the best subjects are box, cypress, and yew, although others—such as rosemary, holly, and box honeysuckle—are used with success. Topiary is said to have been invented by a friend of the ancient Roman emperor Augustus and is known to have been

Alvensleben-erxleben, Gustav, Graf Von (count Of)

2005-06-15T19:50:00.000-07:00

As a member of the Prussian general staff (1847–58), Alvensleben participated in the suppression of the revolution of 1849 in Baden and was named chief of staff for the troops that remained in occupation. In 1854 he

Vakataka Dynasty

2005-06-03T04:35:00.000-07:00

Indian ruling house originating in the central Deccan in the mid-3rd century AD, the empire of which is believed to have extended from Malwa and Gujarat in the north to the Tungabhadra in the south and from the Arabian Sea in the west to the Bay of Bengal in the east. The Vakatakas, like many of the contemporary dynasties of the Deccan, claimed Brahmanical origin. Little is known,

Hook, Theodore Edward

2005-05-31T23:05:00.000-07:00

The son of a popular songwriter, Hook, while a schoolboy at Harrow, had written the words for his father's comic operas and, by the age of 16, had become well

United States, Black Codes

2005-05-17T14:10:00.000-07:00

Given little guidance from Washington, Southern whites turned to the traditional political leaders of their section for guidance in reorganizing their governments; and the new regimes in the South were suspiciously like those of the antebellum period. To be sure, slavery was abolished; but each reconstructed Southern state government proceeded to adopt a “Black Code,” regulating the rights and privileges of freedmen. Varying from state to state, these codes in general treated blacks as inferiors, relegated to a secondary and subordinate position in society. Their right to own land was restricted, they could not bear arms, and they might be bound out in servitude for vagrancy and other offenses. The conduct of white Southerners indicated that they were not prepared to guarantee even minimal protection of Negro rights. In riots in Memphis (May 1866) and New Orleans (July 1866), black persons were brutally assaulted and promiscuously killed.

Kyaukpyu

2005-05-15T19:55:00.000-07:00

Town, western Myanmar (Burma). It lies at the northern end of the offshore island of Ramree in Combermere Bay, an inlet of the Bay of Bengal, about 250 miles (400 km) northwest of Yangôn (Rangoon). Kyaukpyu's excellent natural harbour is formed by deep, narrow saltwater inlets separating the smaller offshore islands, and it is a regular port of call for steamers in the rice trade between

Abakan

2005-03-15T20:46:00.000-08:00

Formerly (until 1931) �Ust-Abakanskoe� city and administrative centre of the republic of Khakassia, south-central Russia. The city lies on the left bank of the Abakan River near its confluence with the Yenisey River. The starting point of a southern Siberian railway line (opened in 1960), Abakan is connected with Novokuznetsk and thence to Barnaul, Akmolinsk, and Magnitogorsk. The city has metalworking, footwear,

Larionov, Mikhail Fyodorovich

2005-03-14T00:39:00.000-08:00

Larionov's early work was influenced by Impressionism and Symbolism, but with the painting �Glass� (1909) he introduced

Dacier, Andr�

2005-03-11T18:16:00.000-08:00

Dacier studied at Saumur with the Humanist Tanneguy Lef�bvre, whose daughter Anne he married in 1683. He was made keeper of the library of the Louvre and, elected to the French Academy in 1695, became

Lokoja

2005-03-07T13:05:00.000-08:00

Town and river port, capital of Kogi state, south-central Nigeria, on the west bank of the Niger River opposite the mouth of the Benue River. British merchants established a trading post at the Benue-Niger confluence in the late 1850s; and in 1860 William Balfour Baikie, the Scottish explorer, founded Lokoja. Besides being an important commercial settlement, the site (originally

Iao

2005-03-06T22:10:00.000-08:00

Valley, Maui county, northwestern Maui Island, Hawaii, U.S., on the eastern slope of Puu Kukui Mountain. Formed by erosion of the caldera whose volcano created the island's western peninsula, the valley comprises a deep, narrow gorge 5 miles (8 km) long and flanked by heavily forested walls almost a mile in height. Iao Needle, a volcanic monolith 2,250 feet (686 m) high, soars nearly straight

Arts, Central Asian, The study of Central Asian music

2005-03-05T04:55:00.000-08:00

In the West the study of Central Asian music has until recently been restricted largely to travellers' accounts and analyses of small samples of music. By far the bulk of collection and study of Central Asian music of Turkistan and Siberia lay in the domain of Soviet scholars, who instituted systematic fieldwork as early as the 1920s; this literature remains largely

Arsenate Mineral

2005-03-04T15:12:00.000-08:00

Any of a group of naturally occurring compounds of arsenic, oxygen, and various metals, most of which are rare, having crystallized under very restricted conditions. At the mineralogically famous L�ngban iron and manganese mines in central Sweden, more than 50 species of arsenate minerals have been described, many peculiar to the locality. Such compounds occur in

Felsic Rock

2005-03-03T07:00:00.000-08:00

Igneous rock dominated by the light-coloured, silicon- and aluminum-rich minerals feldspar and quartz (qq.v.). The presence of these minerals gives felsic rock its characteristic light gray colour. The silica (SiO2) content of felsic rock is greater than about 60 percent by weight. Slight colour variations result from the presence of small amounts of mafic minerals (i.e., dark

Insurance, Limitations on amount recoverable

2005-03-02T00:16:00.000-08:00

Recovery under homeowner's forms is limited to loss due directly to the occurrence of an insured peril. Losses caused by some intervening source not insured by the policy are not covered. For example, if a flood or a landslide, which usually are excluded perils, severely damages a house that subsequently is destroyed by fire, the homeowner's recovery from the fire is

Ch�tellerault

2005-03-01T18:19:00.000-08:00

Town, Vienne d�partement, Poitou-Charentes r�gion, west-central France. It lies north-northeast of Poitiers, on the main road from Paris to Bordeaux. Situated on the Vienne River, it derives its name from a 10th-century castle built by the 2nd Viscount Airaud of the district. The Henri IV bridge over the Vienne River was built between 1575 and 1611. The 16th-century Maison des Sybilles,

Lilienthal, David E.

2005-02-28T07:13:00.000-08:00

After graduation from DePauw University (Greencastle, Ind.) and Harvard Law School (1923), Lilienthal practiced law, engaging especially in cases of labour

Gonz�lez De Mendoza, Pedro, Cardinal

2005-02-27T20:57:00.000-08:00

Mendoza, the fifth son of the poet I�igo L�pez de Mendoza, marqu�s de Santillana, studied at the University of Salamanca. After serving as chaplain to King John II, he

Saarinen, Eero

2005-02-26T15:55:00.000-08:00

Finnish-born U.S. architect who was one of the leaders in a trend toward exploration and experiment in American architectural design during the 1950s.

Ankobra

2005-02-25T14:21:00.000-08:00

River in southern Ghana, western Africa. Rising northeast of Wiawso, it flows about 120 miles (190 km) south to the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic) just west of Axim, commercial centre of the river basin. Its chief tributaries are the Mansi and the Bonsa rivers, and much of its basin is shared with the Tano River to the west. There are rapids in the upper reaches, but the Ankobra is navigable

Hupeh, Relief

2005-02-24T05:25:00.000-08:00

Almost all of Hupeh Province lies immediately north of the Yangtze River. Hupeh is bounded on the north by the eastern extension of the axis of the Tsinling, T'ung-pai, and Ta-pieh mountains. In the southeast the Mu-fu Mountains divide the province from Kiangsi. Along its central southern border there is no clear physical divide apart from the Yangtze itself: a lake-studded

Oviedo

2005-02-23T21:30:00.000-08:00

Ancient (Latin) �Ovetum� city, Asturias provincia and comunidad aut�noma (�autonomous community�), northern Spain. Oviedo lies on a hill surrounded by mountains and a fertile plain and is situated 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Gij�n. Founded as a monastery by Fruela I in 757, it became the capital of the kingdom of Asturias in 810. It was one of the few Spanish towns never conquered by the Moors during the Middle

Price, Sammy

2005-02-22T02:16:00.000-08:00

Price first toured as a dancer before working in bands in the Southwest and Midwest during the 1920s and '30s. He moved to New York City in 1937, where he became a staff musician

Southampton, William Fitzwilliam, Earl Of

2005-02-20T21:43:00.000-08:00

A son of Sir William Fitzwilliam of Aldwarke, near Rotherham, Fitzwilliam was a companion in boyhood of Henry VIII and was knighted for his services at the siege of Tournai in 1513. Later he was treasurer of Thomas, Cardinal Wolsey's household and was sent several times to France

Cahaba

2005-02-19T14:40:00.000-08:00

Historic village, Dallas county, southwest-central Alabama, U.S. It lies at the confluence of the Cahaba and Alabama rivers, 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Selma. Founded in 1819 as the first capital of Alabama, Cahaba thrived until floods forced the state government to move to Tuscaloosa in 1826. The site of a Confederate prison camp during the American Civil War, Cahaba remained the seat

Mufaddaliyat, Al-

2005-02-18T02:59:00.000-08:00

(Arabic: �The Examination of al-Mufaddal�), an anthology of ancient Arabic poems, compiled by al-Mufaddal ibn Muhammad ibn Ya'lah between 762 and 784. It is of the highest importance as a record of the thought and poetic art of Arabia in the last two pre-Islamic centuries. Not more than five or six of the 126 poems appear to have been composed by poets born under Islam, and, though a certain number

Shahn, Ben

2005-02-17T23:55:00.000-08:00

Shahn immigrated with his family to New York City in 1906. In 1913 - 17 he worked as a lithographer's apprentice while attending high school at night. He later attended

Quince

2005-02-16T08:30:00.000-08:00

Fruit tree of the genus Cydonia, of the rose family (Rosaceae). The much-branched shrubs or small trees have entire leaves with small stipules and bear large, solitary, white or pink flowers like those of the pear or apple but with leafy calyx lobes and a many-celled ovary, in each cell of which are numerous horizontal ovules. The fruits may be round and flattened or somewhat

Nafud, An-

2005-02-15T13:58:00.000-08:00

Desert, northern Saudi Arabia, covering about 25,000 square miles (64,000 square km). The reddish, sandy An-Nafud (Arabic: �The Desert�) is sometimes called the Great Nafud; it lies at an elevation of 3,000 feet (900 m) and has some watering places and grass that provide for nomadic herding and agriculture. The desert has been a barrier to travel for ages; its frequent sandstorms shape immense dunes.

Ani

2005-02-14T13:12:00.000-08:00

Situated along a major east-west caravan route, Ani first rose to prominence in the 5th century AD and had become a flourishing town by the time Ashot III the Merciful (reigned 952 - 977), the Bagratid king of Armenia, transferred his

Rio De Janeiro

2005-02-13T21:32:00.000-08:00

The name was given to the city's original site by Portuguese navigators who arrived at the port on Jan. 1, 1502, and mistook the entrance of the bay for the mouth of a river (rio is the Portuguese word for �river� and janeiro

Yi Chong

2005-02-12T04:42:00.000-08:00

The great-great-grandson of King Sejong (1397 - 1450), Yi is said to have personified the ideal Korean aristocrat. He is as famous for his regal and generous disposition and his scholarly tastes as he is for his painting, and he is also well known as a poet and calligrapher.

Oakley, Annie

2005-02-10T14:36:00.000-08:00

Phoebe Ann Moses early developed an amazing proficiency with firearms. As a child she hunted game with such success that, according to legend, by selling it in Cincinnati, Ohio, she was able to pay off the mortgage

Ike Taiga

2005-02-09T15:54:00.000-08:00

The son of a farmer, Ike was taught

Parameters, Variation Of

2005-02-08T08:42:00.000-08:00

To illustrate the method, suppose it is desired to find a particular solution of the equation y� p

Teddington

2005-02-07T00:38:00.000-08:00

Residential area in the London borough of Richmond upon Thames, about 11 miles (18 km) southwest of central London. Teddington is situated on the north bank of the River Thames, and its large lock (1912) marks both the North Sea tidal limit on the Thames and the upstream limit of the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority. The National Physical Laboratory is at

Bharatpur

2005-02-06T03:19:00.000-08:00

Also called �Bhurtpore � town, eastern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It lies 34 miles (55 km) west of Agra. The town, which was the capital of the former princely state of Bharatpur, was founded about 1733. A communications centre connected by road and rail with Jaipur, Agra, and Mathura, Bharatpur is an important industrial and agricultural market centre. Its major industries include oil mills, metal-fabricating

Halberd

2005-02-05T15:18:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Halbert, or Halbard, � weapon consisting of an ax blade balanced by a pick with an elongated pike head at the end of the staff. It was usually about 1.5 to 1.8 m (5 to 6 feet) long. The halberd was an important weapon in middle Europe in the 15th and early 16th centuries. It enabled a foot soldier to contend with an armoured man on horseback; the pike head was used to keep the horseman at a distance, and the ax blade

Caldera

2005-02-04T10:25:00.000-08:00

(Spanish: �caldron�), large bowlshaped volcanic depression more than one kilometre in diameter and rimmed by infacing scarps. Calderas usually, if not always, form by the collapse of the top of a volcanic cone or group of cones because of removal of the support formerly furnished by an underlying body of magma (molten rock). Often this collapse is of a composite cone that

Babia, Mount

2005-02-03T08:34:00.000-08:00

Polish �Babia G�ra�, Slovak �Babia Hora� highest mountain (5,659 feet [1,725 m] at Diablok) peak in the Beskid Mountains, on the Slovakia-Poland border and one of the highest peaks in Poland. It is 12 miles (19 km) north-northeast of N�mestovo, Slovakia, and 12 miles (19 km) south-southwest of Sucha Beskidzka, Pol. The site of a 7-square-mile (17-square-kilometre) Polish national park, the mountain attracts thousands of visitors to the resort facilities

Defferre, Gaston

2005-02-02T09:01:00.000-08:00

Son of a lawyer (avocat), Defferre studied at the Faculty of Law in Aix-en-Provence and practiced law from 1931. During World War II he served in the resistance and was briefly mayor of Marseille near war's end. He was deputy to the National Assembly

Carus

2005-02-01T18:31:00.000-08:00

Carus was probably from either Gaul or Illyricum and had served as prefect of the guard to the emperor Probus (276 - 282), whom he succeeded. Like his predecessors, Carus adopted the name Marcus Aurelius as a part of his imperial title. After a brief Danube campaign he led his troops against the Sasanians, penetrating beyond the Tigris, where he died suddenly and mysteriously,

China, East Turkistan

2005-01-31T10:16:00.000-08:00

To the west of Kashgaria in East Turkistan, a khanate of Khokand emerged in Ferghana after 1760 as a powerful caravan trade centre. When Muslim rebellion spread rapidly from Shensi and Kansu to East Turkistan, a Khokandian adventurer, Yakub Beg, seized the opportunity to invade Kashgaria and established power there in 1865; he soon showed signs of advancing to the Ili region

Devrient, Ludwig

2005-01-30T01:47:00.000-08:00

Born to a family of wholesale drapers,

Sinkiang, Uygur Autonomous Region Of, The economy

2005-01-29T03:51:00.000-08:00

Because of the dry climate, most of the cultivated land in Sinkiang depends entirely on irrigation. The various nationalities in the region have had rich experience in water conservancy techniques, of which the wells of the qanat system in the Turfan and Ha-mi depressions are a fine example. Since the 1950s, these have been greatly supplemented with canals and reservoirs,

Profumo Affair

2005-01-28T11:50:00.000-08:00

At a party at the country estate of Lord Astor on July

Biochemistry

2005-01-27T21:08:00.000-08:00

Study of the chemical substances and processes that occur in plants, animals, and microorganisms and of the changes they undergo during development and life. It deals with the chemistry of life, and as such it draws on the techniques of analytical, organic, and physical chemistry, as well as those of physiologists concerned with the molecular basis of vital processes.

Walther Von Der Vogelweide

2005-01-26T20:17:00.000-08:00

Greatest German lyric poet of the Middle Ages, whose poetry emphasizes the virtues of a balanced life, in the social as in the personal sphere, and reflects his disapproval of those individuals, actions, and beliefs that disturbed this harmony. He was no respecter of persons: whoever came between him and his ideals, even the pope himself, received

I-ch'un

2005-01-25T16:29:00.000-08:00

Pinyin �Yichun, � city, central Heilungkiang sheng (province), China. I-ch'un is situated in the densely forested area of the Hsiao hsing-an (Lesser Khingan) Range, at the intersection of the I-ch'un River, from which it takes its name, and the T'ang-wang, a tributary of the Sungari River. Until 1949 it was a minor market town under T'ang-yuan hsien (county). Since 1949 it has grown at an astonishing rate as a major

Aquaculture: Fulfilling Its Promise

2005-01-24T15:02:00.000-08:00

The earliest-known documentation of fish farming is a Chinese book entitled Fish Culture Classic, written in 460 BC. The Chinese raised their fish, mainly carp, in small ponds to supplement other farm crops. Through experimentation, farmers discovered they could raise several species of fish together in one pond. This system, known as polyculture, proved highly productive

Indian Mutiny

2005-01-23T19:27:00.000-08:00

To regard the rebellion merely as a sepoy mutiny is to underestimate the increasing pace of Westernization after the establishment of British

Siddha

2005-01-22T09:38:00.000-08:00

In Jainism, one who has achieved perfection. By right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct a siddha has freed himself from the cycle of rebirths and resides in a state of perpetual bliss in the siddha-sila, at the top of the universe. The siddha and the other ascetics constitute the pa�ca-paramesthin, the five chief divinities of the Jainas. Their figures are represented

Mondo�edo

2005-01-21T19:04:00.000-08:00

City, Lugo province, comunidad aut�noma (�autonomous community�) of Galicia, northwestern Spain. It lies along the Masma River, 27 miles (43 km) north of Lugo, the provincial capital. Mondo�edo occupies a sheltered valley among the northern outliers of the Cantabrian Mountains. The city has been an episcopal see since the 12th century. The principal building is the cathedral

Pigneau De B�haine, Pierre-joseph-georges

2005-01-20T17:24:00.000-08:00

Pigneau de B�haine left France in 1765 and went to establish a seminary in southern Vietnam, then known as Cochinchina. He arrived at Ha Tien, near the Cambodian frontier,

Sicard, Roch-ambroise Cucurron, Abb�

2005-01-19T19:06:00.000-08:00

From 1786 to 1789, Sicard, an abb�, was principal of a Bordeaux school for deaf-mutes. He then succeeded Abb� de l'Ep�e in Paris. Although he long supported teaching deaf-mutes through sign language, Sicard turned to the oral method toward the end of his long career.

Liqueur

2005-01-18T19:50:00.000-08:00

The word liqueur is derived from the Latin liquefacere,

Dahna', Ad-

2005-01-17T18:16:00.000-08:00

(Arabic: �desert�), great arc of reddish sandy desert, central Saudi Arabia, extending about 800 miles (1,300 km) southward from the northeastern edge of an-Nafud (desert) to the northwestern borders of the desert Rub' al-Khali (the Empty Quarter). Thus, ad-Dahna' links the great deserts of Saudi Arabia. It consists of seven major sand ridges, which are separated from one another by plains. It

Ancillon, Johann Peter Friedrich

2005-01-16T00:43:00.000-08:00

Educated in Geneva, Ancillon acquired a chair in history at the Berlin Military Academy in 1792. After the publication of Tableau des r�volutions

East Detroit

2005-01-15T19:30:00.000-08:00

City, Macomb county, Michigan, U.S., 10 miles (16 km) north-northeast of Detroit. It is primarily a residential suburb of Detroit but does have such commerce as truck and poultry farming, as well as light manufacturing. First settled in 1837, it was on the military road (now Gratiot Avenue) connecting Fort Wayne (Detroit) with Fort Gratiot (Port Huron). Equidistant between Detroit and Mount

Ripken, Cal, Jr.

2005-01-14T18:26:00.000-08:00

Ripken joined the Orioles' major league team in 1982 after

Abbess

2005-01-13T08:13:00.000-08:00

To be elected, an abbess must be at least 40 years old and a professed nun for at least 10 years. She is solemnly blessed

Biblical Literature, Greek additions to Esther

2005-01-12T13:15:00.000-08:00

The Hebrew Book of Esther had a religious and social value to the Jews during the time of Greek and Roman anti-Semitism, though the Hebrew short story did not directly mention God's intervention in history - and even God himself is not named. To bring the canonical book up-to-date in connection with contemporary anti-Semitism and to stress the religious meaning of the

Race, The Germanic myth and English constructions of an Anglo-Saxon past

2005-01-11T10:33:00.000-08:00

In England, from the time that Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic church and Protestant sects emerged on the horizon, historians, politicians, and philosophers had been wrestling with the creation of a new English identity. Indeed, European powers were soon to be caught up in the ethnic rivalries, extreme chauvinism, and intolerance out of which all the nation-states

Colby, Frank Moore

2005-01-10T10:28:00.000-08:00

Early in his career Colby taught history and economics at Columbia University, Amherst College (Amherst, Mass.), and New York University (New York City). To supplement his income, he began writing for encyclopaedias, and so began his lifelong career. In 1898 he became editor of the International

Training, Transfer Of

2005-01-09T20:36:00.000-08:00

Influence the learning of one skill has on the learning or performance of another. Will knowledge of English help a person learn German? Are skillful table-tennis (Ping-Pong) players generally good court-tennis players? Can a child who does not know how to add learn to multiply? Such questions represent the problems of transfer of training.

Godavari River

2005-01-08T15:47:00.000-08:00

Sacred river of central India. It rises in the Western Ghats 50 miles (80 km) from the Arabian Sea and flows generally eastward across the Deccan Plateau, along the Maharashtra - Andhra Pradesh border and across Andhra Pradesh state, turning southeastward for the last 200 miles (320 km) of its course before reaching the Bay of Bengal. There it empties via its two mouths: the Gautami

Bukharin, Nikolay Ivanovich

2005-01-07T15:40:00.000-08:00

Having become a revolutionary while studying economics, Bukharin joined the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party in 1906 and became a member of the Moscow committee of the party's Bolshevik wing in 1908. He was

Witz, Konrad

2005-01-06T10:27:00.000-08:00

Little is known about Witz's life or training, but in 1434 he entered the painters' guild in Basel, where he worked most of his life. The Heilsspiegel altarpiece

Taboga Island

2005-01-05T01:33:00.000-08:00

Spanish �Isla Taboga, � island in the Bay of Panama, Panama. Taboga and its small neighbour, Taboguilla Island, lie 11 miles (18 km) south of Panama City, with which they are connected by boat service. Taboga, about 2 miles (3 km) long and 1 mile (1.6 km) wide, is known for its pineapples and mangoes and is a year-round tourist resort. Visitors are attracted by its church, one of the oldest in the Western Hemisphere, by

France, Banque De

2005-01-04T06:36:00.000-08:00

The bank listed among its founding shareholders Napoleon Bonaparte, members of his family, and several leading personalities of the time. Founded partly with state funds, but mainly with private

Valencia

2005-01-02T23:26:00.000-08:00

Capital of Valencia province and the autonomous community (region) of Valencia, and of the former kingdom of Valencia, eastern Spain. Located on the Mediterranean coast at the mouth of the R�o Turia (Guadalaviar), it is surrounded by orchards in a region known as the Huerta de Valencia. The earliest mention (Valentia) is by the Roman historian Livy, who states that the consul

Coraciiform, Similarities to birds of other orders

2005-01-01T05:44:00.000-08:00

The size of the birds of this order and their propensity to take rather large prey bring them into competition with many other species of other groups. It is perhaps instructive to compare certain Old World groups with representatives of different orders in the New World tropics (see above Natural history). The most striking parallel is seen between the toucans

Amarapura

2004-12-31T06:30:00.000-08:00

Town, central Myanmar (Burma). It lies on the left bank of the Irrawaddy River. A suburb of Mandalay, it is also known as Taung-myo (Southern Town) or Myohaung (Old City). Founded by King Bodawpaya in 1783 as his new capital, it supplanted Ava, 6 miles (10 km) southwest. Its population in 1810 was estimated at 170,000, but a fire that year and the return of the court to Ava in 1823 caused a decline to about 30,000 by 1827. King

Skarga, Piotr

2004-12-30T13:12:00.000-08:00

After a difficult childhood during which both his parents died, he studied at Jagiellonian University, then became rector of a parish school in Warsaw. After some travel, he became a parish priest in Lw�w. Subsequently, he travelled

Skarga, Piotr

2004-12-29T16:56:00.000-08:00

The ancestors of present-day odontocetes probably evolved during the Oligocene Epoch (33.7 million to 23.8 million years ago) from a group of more ancient whales called

China, Five Dynasties, Ten Kingdoms, and Sung periods

2004-12-28T03:19:00.000-08:00

Further general information is available in the following: Edward A. Kracke, Jr., Civil Service in Early Sung China, 960 - 1067 (1953), a monumental work; James T.C. Liu, Ou-yang Hsiu, an Eleventh-Century Neo-Confucianist, trans. from the Chinese (1967), and Reform in Sung China: Wang An-shih (1021 - 1086) and His New Policies (1959), both works attempting to relate general trends through historical figures; and Brian E. McKnight, Village and Bureaucracy in Southern Sung China (1971), an account coming down to the later period as well as the local scene. Jacques Gernet, Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250 - 1276 (1962; originally published in French, 1959), provides vivid descriptions. See also Patricia Buckley Ebrey (ed. and trans.), Family and Property in Sung China: Y�an Ts'ai's Precepts for Social Life (1984), an excellent picture of family relations as studied in the 12th-century work by Y�an Ts'ai; Thomas H.S. Lee, Government Education and Examinations in Sung China (1985), a description of education and its relationship to the civil service; and Brian E. McKnight (trans.), The Washing Away of Wrongs: Forensic Medicine in Thirteenth-Century China (1985), a translation of an early work on the topic.

New Brutalism

2004-12-27T01:44:00.000-08:00

One aspect of the International Style of architecture that was created by Le Corbusier and his leading fellow architects Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Frank Lloyd Wright and that demanded a functional approach toward architectural design. The name was first applied in 1954 by the English architects Peter and Alison Smithson to the post-1930 style of the major French architect

Bridgeport, University Of

2004-12-26T19:56:00.000-08:00

Private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Bridgeport, Conn., U.S. The university is composed of the College of Graduate and Undergraduate Studies (including the schools of arts, humanities, and social sciences; business; general studies; education and human resources; and science, engineering, and technology), the Fones School of Dental Hygiene, and the

Tu Duc

2004-12-25T17:59:00.000-08:00

The son of Emperor Thieu Tri, Prince Nguyen Phuoc Hoang Nham was chosen over his older brother to succeed his father. He ascended the throne in 1847, taking the reigning name Tu

Black Mass

2004-12-24T03:56:00.000-08:00

In the Roman Catholic church, a requiem mass during which the celebrant wears black vestments. The term is more commonly used, however, for a blasphemous and usually obscene burlesque of the true mass performed by satanic cults. The naked back of a woman often serves as an altar, and a validly consecrated host is generally used to intensify the mockery. The rite commonly

Requiem Mass

2004-12-23T14:07:00.000-08:00

Musical setting of the Mass for the Dead (missa pro defunctis), named for the beginning of the Latin of the Introit �Requiem aeternam dona eis Domine� (�Give them eternal rest, O Lord�). The polyphonic composition for the requiem mass differs from the normal mass in that it not only includes certain items of the Ordinary - e.g., Kyrie, Sanctus, Agnus Dei (the joyful portions, Gloria

La Rioja

2004-12-22T19:21:00.000-08:00

The folds of the Obarenes Mountains

La Rioja

2004-12-21T17:08:00.000-08:00

Cable News Network was created in June 1980 by Ted Turner (q.v.), founder of the Turner Broadcasting System. He established news bureaus in major American cities and in other cities throughout the world. The resulting continuous live news coverage,

God In Christ, Church Of

2004-12-20T21:45:00.000-08:00

Predominantly black Pentecostal church that originated as an outgrowth of the Holiness movement. The date and place of the group's establishment is disputed between two member bodies, but the founding role of a dynamic preacher named Charles H. Mason is acknowledged by both. During the late 19th century, Mason led Holiness churches in Jackson, Miss., and Memphis, Tenn.

Lens

2004-12-19T06:54:00.000-08:00

Industrial town, Pas-de-Calais d�partement, Nord-Pas-de-Calais r�gion, northern France, south-southwest of Lille. It is the chief urban centre of the Pas-de-Calais coal basin (a portion of which was scheduled to be abandoned after 1983); the urban agglomeration includes the mining settlements of Li�vin, Bruay-en-Artois, and H�nin-Li�tard. The town is active in both service industries

San Francesco

2004-12-18T01:22:00.000-08:00

Franciscan monastery and church in Assisi, Italy, begun after the canonization in 1228 of St. Francis of Assisi and completed in 1253. The crypt was added in 1818, when the tomb of St. Francis was opened. The lower church is where the saint is buried, and it has frescoes by Giunta Pisano, Cimabue, Giotto, Pietro Lorenzetti, Simone Martini, and Andrea da Bologna. The upper church has frescoes

Sporades

2004-12-17T21:23:00.000-08:00

Group of Greek islands in the Aegean Sea, lying northeast of Euboea (�vvoia) island, including Sk�athos, Sk�pelos, Skyros, and Al�nnisos, as well as neighbouring islets. In antiquity these were known as the Thessalian, or Northern, Sporades, while the Thracian, or Eastern, Sporades included the now-Turkish island of Imroz (Greek Imvros), Samothrace, Thasos, Lemnos, and �yios

China, The Southeast Mountains

2004-12-16T19:25:00.000-08:00

Southeastern China is bordered by a rocky shoreline backed by picturesque mountains. In general, there is a distinct structural and topographic trend from northeast to southwest. The higher peaks may reach altitudes of 5,000 to 6,500 feet. The rivers are short and fast-flowing and have cut steep-sided valleys. The chief areas of settlement are on narrow strips of coastal plain

Bradenton

2004-12-15T22:53:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1903) of Manatee county, west-central Florida, U.S. It lies on the south bank of the Manatee River near its mouth at Tampa Bay, about 10 miles (15 km) north of Sarasota. The explorer Hernando de Soto landed nearby, probably at Shaw's Point, in 1539 (an event commemorated by a national memorial). Founded in the 1840s, the city was named for an early settler, Joseph Braden, who planted sugar and

Absalom

2004-12-14T15:22:00.000-08:00

The picture of Absalom that is presented in 2 Samuel 13 - 19 suggests that he was the Alcibiades of the Old Testament, alike in his personal attractiveness, his lawless insolence, and his tragic fate. He is first mentioned as murdering his half brother Amnon, David's eldest son, in revenge for the rape of his

Absalom

2004-12-13T19:17:00.000-08:00

The NLC,

Burn

2004-12-12T13:07:00.000-08:00

The use of topical antibacterial agents has reduced the incidence of post-burn infection, but infection remains one of the most serious complications of burns. Burn surgeons often obtain cultures of the burn wound and of sputum and other body secretions; these are examined for signs of infection. Early detection and prompt treatment of infection with antibiotics

John Frederick (ii)

2004-12-11T01:20:00.000-08:00

On the imprisonment of his father, the former elector John Frederick the Magnanimous, John Frederick II and

Zemes Mate

2004-12-10T01:17:00.000-08:00

(Latvian), Lithuanian �Zemyna� the Earth Mother of Baltic religion. Zemes mate represents the female aspect of nature and the source of all life - human, animal, and plant. Interacting with Dievs (the sky), Zemes mate stimulates and protects the power of life. Libations of beer were offered to her at the opening of every festival, and such products of the earth as bread, ale, and herbs were buried in the ground

SameBath

Salem

Kadare, Ismail

Alum

Chadwick, Sir Edwin

Carthage

Talladega

Topiary

Alvensleben-erxleben, Gustav, Graf Von (count Of)

Vakataka Dynasty

Hook, Theodore Edward

United States, Black Codes

Kyaukpyu

Abakan

Larionov, Mikhail Fyodorovich

Dacier, Andr�

Lokoja

Iao

Arts, Central Asian, The study of Central Asian music

Arsenate Mineral

Felsic Rock

Insurance, Limitations on amount recoverable

Ch�tellerault

Lilienthal, David E.

Gonz�lez De Mendoza, Pedro, Cardinal

Saarinen, Eero

Ankobra

Hupeh, Relief

Oviedo

Price, Sammy

Southampton, William Fitzwilliam, Earl Of

Cahaba

Mufaddaliyat, Al-

Shahn, Ben

Quince

Nafud, An-

Ani

Rio De Janeiro

Yi Chong

Oakley, Annie

Ike Taiga

Parameters, Variation Of

Teddington

Bharatpur

Halberd

Caldera

Babia, Mount

Defferre, Gaston

Carus

China, East Turkistan

Devrient, Ludwig

Sinkiang, Uygur Autonomous Region Of, The economy

Profumo Affair

Biochemistry

Walther Von Der Vogelweide

I-ch'un

Aquaculture: Fulfilling Its Promise

Indian Mutiny

Siddha

Mondo�edo

Pigneau De B�haine, Pierre-joseph-georges

Sicard, Roch-ambroise Cucurron, Abb�

Liqueur

Dahna', Ad-

Ancillon, Johann Peter Friedrich

East Detroit

Ripken, Cal, Jr.

Abbess

Biblical Literature, Greek additions to Esther

Race, The Germanic myth and English constructions of an Anglo-Saxon past

Colby, Frank Moore

Training, Transfer Of

Godavari River

Bukharin, Nikolay Ivanovich

Witz, Konrad

Taboga Island

France, Banque De

Valencia

Coraciiform, Similarities to birds of other orders

Amarapura

United States, Black Codes